Water Intoxication and Hyponatremia

Water Intoxication and Hyponatremia Youve probably heard that its important to drink plenty of fluids or simply drink lots of water. There are excellent reasons for drinking water, but have you ever wondered if its possible to drink too much water. Heres what you need to know: Key Takeaways: Drinking Too Much Water It is possible to drink too much water. Overhydration leads to water intoxication and hyponatremia.The problem isnt really about the amount of water, but how ingesting too much water upsets the electrolyte balance in blood and tissues.Drinking too much water is uncommon. If you stop drinking water when you no longer feel thirst, there is no risk of water intoxication.Hyponatremia most often occurs when babies are given water instead of formula or formula that has been mixed with too much water. Can You Really Drink Too Much Water? In a word, yes. Drinking too much water can lead to a condition known as water intoxication and to a related problem resulting from the dilution of sodium in the body, hyponatremia. Water intoxication is most commonly seen in infants under six months of age and sometimes in athletes. A baby can get water intoxication as a result of drinking several bottles of water a day or from drinking infant formula that has been diluted too much. Athletes can also suffer from water intoxication. Athletes sweat heavily, losing both water and electrolytes. Water intoxication and hyponatremia result when a dehydrated person drinks too much water without the accompanying electrolytes. What Happens During Water Intoxication? When too much water enters the bodys cells, the tissues swell with the excess fluid. Your cells maintain a specific concentration gradient, so excess water outside the cells (the serum) draws sodium from within the cells out into the serum in an attempt to re-establish the necessary concentration. As more water accumulates, the serum sodium concentration drops - a condition known as hyponatremia. The other way cells try to regain the electrolyte balance is for water outside the cells to rush into the cells via osmosis. The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentration is called osmosis. Although electrolytes are more concentrated inside the cells than outside, the water outside the cells is more concentrated or less diluted, since it contains fewer electrolytes. Both electrolytes and water move across the cell membrane in an effort to balance concentration. Theoretically, cells could swell to the point of bursting. From the cells point of view, water intoxication produces the same effects as would result from drowning in fresh water. Electrolyte imbalance and tissue swelling can cause an irregular heartbeat, allow fluid to enter the lungs, and may cause fluttering eyelids. Swelling puts pressure on the brain and nerves, which can cause behaviors resembling alcohol intoxication. Swelling of brain tissues can cause seizures, coma and ultimately death unless water intake is restricted and a hypertonic saline (salt) solution is administered. If treatment is given before tissue swelling causes too much cellular damage, then a complete recovery can be expected within a few days. Its Not How Much You Drink, Its How Fast You Drink It! The kidneys of a healthy adult can process 15Â  liters of water a day! You are unlikely to suffer from water intoxication, even if you drink a lot of water, as long as you drink over time as opposed to imbibing an enormous volume at one time. As a general guideline, most adults need about three quarts of fluid each day. Much of that water comes from food, so 8-12 eight-ounce glasses a day is a commonly recommended intake. You may need more water if the weather is very warm or very dry, if you are exercising, or if you are taking certain medications. The bottom line is this: its possible to drink too much water, but unless you are running a marathon or are an infant, water intoxication is a very uncommon condition. Can You Drink Too Much If Youre Thirsty? No. If you stop drinking water when you stop feeling thirsty, you are not at risk for overdosing on water or developing hyponatremia. There is a slight delay between drinking enough water and not feeling thirsty anymore, so its possible to overhydrate yourself. If this happens, youll either vomit the extra water or else need to urinate. Even though you might drink a lot of water after being out in the sun or exercising, its generally fine to drink as much water as you want. The exceptions to this would be babies and athletes. Babies should not drink diluted formula or water. Athletes can avoid water intoxication by drinking water that contains electrolytes (e.g., sports drinks).

The Best Questions to Ask During An Interview -TheJobNetwork

The Best Questions to Ask During An Interview -TheJobNetwork The interview has gone really well so far: you were exactly five minutes early, you hit all of your talking points in a confident and conversational way, and it turns out that both you and the interviewer went to Camp Mohegan (and you both remembered the secret handshake). Now things are winding down, and you can practically smell the new-folder scent of your employee orientation packet. Before you can collect your bag and use your superb (non-secret) interview handshake to close things out, though, there’s one more question: â€Å"Do you have any questions for me?† Here’s why questions to ask during an interview are really important. If you’re not prepared, this is a chance for that unappealing deer-in-headlights moment. It may not be a total dealbreaker, but it can definitely undermine all the highlights of your interview up to this point.1. Why Do You Need to Ask Questions?2. How to Prep Your Questions for the Interview3. What to Ask During the Intervie w4. What Not to Ask During the InterviewWhy Do You Need to Ask Questions?Basically, interviewers are asking you if you have any questions for them for a few reasons:It’s polite.They’re out of questions themselves.They want to see how you interact.They want to gauge your interest in the job.Okay, so #1 isn’t necessarily the most important reason. The ghost of Emily Post doesn’t haunt job interviews to make sure everyone’s behaving with impeccable manners. #2 and #3, however, make a difference to you. If, as in #2, the interviewer has just run out of topics for whatever reason, it’s a chance for you to step in and keep the dialogue open. You can re-emphasize points that you want to make sure the interviewer comes away remembering, and you can use this as an avenue to introduce skills or experience that you hadn’t previously discussed.If you’ve had a pretty exhaustive interview where you covered your resume comprehensively, itâ₠¬â„¢s likely that #3 is the reason. These days, just about everyone is busy at work due to understaffing and increased workloads. When companies hire someone new to join the team, they want to know that this person will be able to hit the ground running. So the â€Å"any questions for me?† question is really a gambit to see if you can follow up quickly, and request information that you want or need. If you just sit there with a blank expression, that’s a potential red flag. If you have the social skills to interact with the interviewer rather than just answer questions with a set of talking points, that shows you could be a proactive employee with good listening and communication skills.Responding with smart, insightful questions can tell the interviewer a lot about you (or reinforce the overall perception of you as a great, detail-oriented candidate). When you have good questions (throughout the interview or at the end when there’s an official call for question s), it shows the following qualities to the interviewer:Engagement: You are actively interested in the opportunity.Intelligence: You get what the job entails, and how you could fit into it.Confidence: You know you can do the job well and be an asset to the company.Social intelligence: You understand the give-and-take interactions, and present yourself well.And in addition to using questions to present your best self to the interviewer, it’s also a chance to do some final information-gathering on the job itself. Sure, you’ve read every line of the job description, have combed the internet and your social networks for intel on the company, and have checked to see what similar jobs at other companies entail. (If you haven’t done those things, definitely do them before interview day.) The interview is a chance for the company to evaluate you, but it’s also your chance to evaluate the job. After the interview, the next big step is either an offer (or a non-off er)- the grace period for follow-up questions closes around the same time you send your thank-you email to the interviewer. So it makes total sense to use the interview to get as much information as you can on the day-to-day life of the job, or the colleagues with whom you’d be working. Seize the opportunity!How to Prep Your Questions for the InterviewInterview prep is usually about how to frame yourself for maximum interview success: the resume points you want to emphasize, the specific anecdotes that show your leadership skills or your problem solving skills, and body language (posture, handshake, a hire-me smile that doesn’t scare anyone). But while you’re planning and practicing those things, also think about what you can ask the interviewer.According to The Interview Guys, the questions aren’t so much asking any old question as they are about asking the right ones, intelligently. This means focusing on the job itself, not generic things like â€Å"h ow many people are in the company?† or â€Å"what’s the current stock price?†To help you prep, you can break down questions into these different areas:The Job: What do you want to know about the nitty-gritty of life in this role?The Requirements: Are you equipped to take over this role? Or is there anything you can do to prepare?The Expectations: How does the company see this role, and what do they expect from the person who steps into it?The Company: What is this company really like?The People: What qualities do your possible future coworkers have? What do they value?The Follow-up: When is the company planning to fill this position? (This can help manage your expectations.)Prepping for this can be difficult, because you don’t know what you’ll be asked in the interview. You might cover any combination of these areas during the course of the interview, so you don’t want to ask questions that would directly repeat information that you’ve already been given. So the best way to account for this is to come up with a broad list of questions you can ask. Try to remember at least two in each of the categories above, so that you’re covered. You Can Bring a Cheat SheetNotes are fine to bring into an interview. There will be no Teleprompter, and you don’t get bonus points for memorizing and repeating canned responses. If you do decide to bring in notes with you, keep them limited to bullet points on an index card or small notebook. You don’t want to spend your time looking down at your novelized questions instead of making eye contact and engaging with the interviewer. Basically, you should come up with your list of tentative questions ahead of time, and know them pretty well, bringing notes only as a cheat sheet if you need them. Nothing stops the momentum of a good interview like pausing to shuffle through your notes in a moment of awkward silence.What to Ask During the InterviewAs you think about wha t questions to ask the interviewer, here are some examples in the categories we outlined above. Again, make sure these are as specific as possible to the job for which you’re applying, so that it sounds like you’re engaged and enthusiastic to learn more.The JobCan you describe what a typical day is like as an [insert job title]?What do you see as the biggest challenge for someone in this position?RELATED:  7 Interview Questions That Will Make You Stand OutThe RequirementsWhat kind of training can I expect if I’m hired for this job?Is there any training you would recommend in the meantime?The ExpectationsCan you tell me about the performance expectations for this role?Thinking about the long term, can you give a quick outline of the path for advancement in this department?What are the employee review processes for this role?The CompanyWhat would you say is the overall mission of this company?How would you say the company fits into the industry as a whole?Whatâ €™s your favorite part of working here?What’s your least favorite part of working here?How does the company approach work-life balance?The PeopleHow big is the team I’d be working with?Which other departments would I be working with as a [insert job title]?Can you give a brief description of the team members I’d be working with?If you could describe the team here in one word, what would it be?How would you describe the working environment here?Can you tell me about my direct manager? (Note: This one really only works if you’re being interviewed by a recruiter or HR person.)Can you describe your management style? (This is the equivalent if you’re being interviewed by the person to whom you’d be reporting.)The Follow-UpCan I email you with any additional questions if I think of any later?Do you know what the approximate timeline is for filling this position?What are the next steps?Is there anything else I can provide?We talked a little bit about my experience with [example based on job description]. Is there any other info I can provide on that front?Tips for Framing QuestionsAsk open-ended questions. Basic yes-or-no questions can shut down the conversation, and then you’ll be on the hook for another question even faster.Make sure you’re framing it as a question, and not just trailing off. â€Å"Is this position subject to an annual review, or†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Don’t ask leading or loaded questions, which make it look like you’re fishing for a specific answer. You want to seem like you genuinely want information, and aren’t just looking to confirm something you already know. â€Å"Isn’t it true that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ If you can, weave your questions throughout the interview. It demonstrates that you’re paying attention, and engaged in the process. If you find you can’t really do that with the conversational flow, save them until the end or until you’re asked if y ou have questions.Keep the tone light and professional. Don’t try to trap the interviewer in a mistake or misstatement, or use the questions aggressively to pin down an answer. You want to seem involved and relatable, not intense and overbearing.What NOT to Ask During the InterviewThere are some areas where you just shouldn’t go with your table-turning questions.Anything about salaryThis isn’t the time or the place- and the person who’s interviewing you may not have much insight into compensation. Also, if you jump the gun on salary discussions now, you could put yourself at a disadvantage later during the offer and negotiation phase.How soon you can take vacation timeThis is not only presumptuous, but also a part of later benefit discussions, like salary.Multi-part questionsIf you have a complicated question, ask it in pieces, in a conversational way.If the rumors are trueAny rumors. Whatever you’ve heard about the company, now is not the time to bring it up, even with your new Camp Mohegan buddy.Personal questions about the interviewerYou’ll have plenty of time to get to know your (hopefully) new colleague later.Once you have a feel for the general topics for these questions, you can start bending them to fit the job you want, and practicing the questions in a confident, conversational way. The more you come up with ahead of time, the less likely you are to be that deer in the headlights. You want to finish the interview strong, so get ready to have interview questions cut both ways.RELATED:  5 Unique Questions to Ask in a Job Interview

International Investment Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Investment Analysis - Essay Example Present Situation of TESCO The company has a worldwide presence in China, India, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Ireland, North America and many other countries. The company employs 300,000 people and operates 3,000 stores worldwide (TESCO Plc, 2013b). The company operates 200 stores in UK itself and offers a varied range of food items (Gargeya, V.B. et al., 2012). It is the leading brand of food retailing in UK followed by Everyday Value. Tesco has always believed that the strategy of the company needs to be revised as per the changing taste and preference of consumers. The company earns 25 percent of its revenue from countries outside UK (Martin and Thompson, 2010). The underlying objective of the company is to earn higher amount of profits but their strategies are usually customer oriented. Tesco believes in improving the customer service by responding to the customer needs and wants. TESCO believes in innovation and expansion in the UK grocery market and convenience st ores electronics, clothing, beauty health and wellness and retail services like personal finance and telecom products. These strategies are followed by TESCO to strengthen its market position in UK and other countries. The stores are usually renovated from time to time, in order to give customers a warmer and refreshing feel in the stores. TESCO products are usually low priced and of better quality. The company believes in undertaking environmental and social responsibilities. It publishes its corporate social responsibility charter every year. Macroeconomic situation Prior to recession, TESCO’s sales were ?42 billion in the year 2006, which was an increase in profit by 13.2 percent from the financial year 2010-2011. The market share of TESCO was 31.4 percent, which was even more than the market share of ASDA Walmart that was 16.7 percent (Henry, 2008). Figure 1: Market share of UK supermarkets in the year 2006 (Source: Henry, 2008) The company was reaping profits and was mak ing considerable amount of sales before recession. This was mainly due to the marketing team of TESCO which monitored the trend of external environment and provided innovative products and solutions to customers. The brand became so popular among the residents of UK that customers had created a brand loyalty towards the company (Haerifar, 2011). From the above graph, we can observe that the dominant supermarket was TESCO in the year 2006 followed by ASDA Walmart and Sainsbury. After recession had penetrated into the markets of USA and UK in the year 2008, the company TESCO witnessed a slow growth (English, 2009). Majority of its revenue was coming from the overseas markets and it was facing a stiff competition from the supermarkets of UK like ASDA Walmart, Morrisons and Aldi. Although, TESCO claimed that there was an increase in sales by 11.7 percent in the fourth quarter of the year 2008 (Thompson, 2008) economist believed that TESCO was not able to reach its sales target. To add t o the woes of TESCO, the government had also increased the Value Added Tax (VAT) rate and excise duty (Peston, 2012). The net sales of TESCO was ?51.77 billion in the year 2008 compared to ?59.46 billion in the year 2009 (TESCO Plc, 2013a). TESCO is slowly recovering from the recession and

Writing a comprehensive research report on the use of new technology Paper

Writing a comprehensive report on the use of new technology as a part of a company's service efforts - Research Paper Example Search affects the activities of individuals and all sorts of organizations. The contribution of new technology to the economic growth can have a realization when and if the technology is put to use and diffused. Diffusion itself results from a series of individual decisions to begin using the new technology, decisions that are often the result of a comparison of the uncertain benefits of the new invention with the costs of adopting it. The benefits of from adopting new technologies, for example, wireless communications are received throughout the life of the acquired innovator. The use of new technologies enhances operations and exploits new market opportunities (Manyika, 2013). When adopted at scale across an emerging type of networked enterprise and integrated into the work processes of employees, social media, and other new technologies can boost a company’s financial performance and market share. Using technology to maximize company’s business productivity creates a platform to realize real business. The business software puts organization s in an assurance of having the tools to overcome challenges of execution on strategizing every day and prosper in today’s economic times. Companies are on the increase in focusing on managing customer relationships, the customer asset, or customer equity. The rapid growth of social media, from blogs to Twitter and Facebook, to YouTube and LinkedIn, offers organizations and companies the chance to join a conversation with millions of customers around the globe every day. The groups use social media as one way of the promotional channel. They use consumer conversations and turn the information into consumer insights that impact the bottom line (Hunt, 2013). The internet based social media emergence has started a new kind of conversation among consumers and companies. It challenges the traditional ideas on brand management and marketing while in the meantime creates alternative opportunities

Discuss Issues Related with the Police and Use Force Policies Essay

Discuss Issues Related with the Police and Use Force Policies - Essay Example As per the City of Edmonds Police Policy Manual section 1.3.1 use of force should be reasonable and needed to either arrest a person or control a situation. Officers should follow the rules and regulations of the department while using force. The manual differentiates between the words â€Å"force†, and â€Å"deadly force†. Force is â€Å"Physical action taken by an officer to assist that officer in controlling a situation or the behavior of others†, while deadly force is â€Å"The intentional application of force through the use of firearms or any other means reasonably likely to cause death or serious bodily injury† (MRSC). According to the Seattle Police Department Directives (2005) the use of force is applied as per the provisions of the RCW 9A. 16.010 and 9A16.020, depending on the overall situation emerging out of the circumstances. Types of situations demanding the use of force can be identified but upcoming scenarios cannot be guessed prior to their happening compelling the police officers to use force (Seattle Police Department). Police use of force, according to Engel (2008) has been an issue of research by different methods and statistical techniques that include not only official data sources but data from keen social observations, ethnographic research, officer surveys, citizen surveys and their analysis. Yet the scholarly research has not produced a comprehensive picture of the use force policies, leave alone the regular monitoring of the police use of force. Scholars like Garner, Maxwell, and Heraux, 2002; Hickman et al., 2008; Terrill and Mastrofski, 2002, have acknowledged the different parameters of monitoring the use of force. As a result it becomes difficult to explain the differences in results on the studies made on these subjects. The issue of monitoring the use of force is related to use force policies. Although these differences in the concept and monitoring of use of force have been identified by the

Ethics in Art and Science

Ethics in Art and Science â€Å"Ethical judgments limit the methods available for the production of knowledge in art and science† refers to the restrictions caused in the two fields in researching and creation due to the judgments caused by ethics upon the methods. It states that the production of knowledge is limited due to the ethical restrictions imposed in its creation. Science research and certain types of art have been banned due to them being considered â€Å"unethical† in nature, without any regard for their contribution in the progress of the nation in science and art. Ethics refer to the standard of morals that are acceptable in society. They define right from wrong according to what people deem appropriate. Ethics help people in getting a clear understanding of what is considered antisocial. They make up an invisible rule book that sets conditions as to what one should and shouldn’t do; it is a universally accepted scheme of behavior and allowances. Morals are the characters or conducts that are considered good or evil. Ethical morality means adhering to what is right and avoiding the things that are usually considered unacceptable. Morals and ethics help one become a better human and are a boon in most ways they are taught to all children from a young age and anyone that doesn’t imbibe them is frowned upon and avoided. Our classification of actions into ethical, justifies acceptable and unethical, unacceptable and classifications unlawful constraints and obstructs the growth of science and art and act as a bane in many ways. To further emphasize these â€Å"ethics certain activities are given harsh names. For example painting of public property, commonly called graffiti, is considered vandalism. Not only does it add art and color to normal uninteresting placed but it also expresses the thoughts of the citizens ,many times it depicts the past history and major events, it gives a deeper view and also a chance for unclaimed artists to express themselves and showcase their capabilities. If people would stop judging vandalism they would see the hidden beauty and talent. Doing research on animals is very often tagged as â€Å"abusing† the animals, when they are merely being used for experiments to gain more knowledge about them. Egon Shile once said to restrict the artist is a crime. It is to murder germinating life however much one considers a piece of art morally unjustified one cannot. Impose restrictions upon it as that would truly be murderous. To not appreciate it is a different thing, but to obstruct it would be a crime. Art is a means of communication, expression and knowledge, it cannot be barred. People’s mindsets and social pressures of what is ethical obstruct the progression of art. Shakespeare would still be making gloves like his father had it not been for his stubbornness. He was headstrong and determined to follow his heart and write, as was his passion. In his time, he had to face lots of problems as writing was not considered to be valuable and people usually carried on the job of their forefathers from generations before, for Shakespeare to dismiss those traditions and follow his heart caused huge problems, it was considered â€Å"unethical† for him to go against those traditions and he thus had to face many difficulties. Had Shakespeare succumbed to these pressures and continued in his father’s business as would have been appropriate according to the norms of ethical society, the world would never have got to witness such a great playwright. He would be another common glove maker who lived and died unacknowledged and without causing any differe nce in the world of art and literature. In the time of Michelangelo, his paintings were first disapproved due to the nudity. People’s ideals against nudity in drawings cause them to turn blind towards the beauty and the feelings expressed in it. They realized that he was paying his models which were mainly prostitutes and as they considered prostitution sinful, according to them his usage of them as his muse and paying them to pose naked meant his paintings would be having the figures of prostitutes which would corrupt them; this mindset caused him to face many problems in his earlier days. His paintings had major difficulties and being sold, he almost gave up painting due to this, had he done so the Sistine Chapel may never be as famous and honored as it is today. Ethics almost shadowed an artist into giving up his pleasure due to the hardships and disapproval they aroused. His sculptures too were considered evil in the beginning as they expressed holy scenes in a different way and interpreted the Bible differently and unusually unlike the traditional method. His first Madonna and Son was highly insulted while it was still in the process of being made because it was nothing like how the usual sculptures were, but his unusualness and due to breaking the rules of tradition hat bound him, he is now known as a world famous sculptor of the David and his Madonna and Child sculptures are well renowned. The field of science requires people to be broadminded and willing to take risks. To be able to invent and discover new things scientists require people to be open to new methods of experimenting. To explore the world of science is t break the boundaries of ethic, logic and common things. It is to have a vision and find method to prove it. It requires making theories and looking for ways to prove them. To make discoveries one needs to break away from the commonly accepted beliefs and methods. Thus it is important for the scientists to not be bound by ethics and morals, to progress in the field and provide more accurate and newer information they need to be able to experiment in any way they please without having to seek acceptance. In Michelangelo’s time post mortems of bodies was illegal and one could be arrested and executed for the same. He was determined and had to hide and cut up bodies to explore them and see the organs. He was probably amongst the first people to hold a heart and brain in his hand. It was against the law and unethical but it was necessary for him to do so to make his sculptures more realistic and authentic. His breaking this ethical law resulted in his growth of knowledge about the human body. He was able to make much superior sculpture once he was able to determine the organs in the body as they helped him give the correct volume and dimension of the body. His discovery expanded his knowledge in science would not have been possible due to the ethical conduct of that era, and he would have never got to explore the human system had he not broken this conduct. Science and art can progress much further if they are not limited by ethics and morals, certain things must be excused from the usual norms of society as that will be the only way that we will have any progression or there could be mere stagnation in the fields of art and science. Artists must be allowed to break the barriers of ethics and express themselves freely as their works are mainly a source of reflection of today’s society. Science on the other hand requires a certain amount of freedom and exclusion from the usual ethical norms of society, for science to progress and discoveries to be made, certain allowances and concessions must be given. For humans to know and understand animals better they must be allowed to conduct experiments and study them to decipher their thought process and lifestyle and to understand their reactions and behavior to certain situations. Science must be free from the tethers of human morals and ethics and it must not be judged and obstructed. Limiting and restraining the field of science will only cause us to be ignorant and uninformed about the world. Ethics are needed to provide a certain safety and to an extent, a united environment without controversies, but it must not interfere with the progress of humanity and studies. It would only cause problems in the future, and if not causing problems it would definitely not do anything worthwhile n contributiong towards providing the solutions.

Human Impact on the Environment Essay -- Environmental Papers

Human Impact on the Environment About three hundred years ago there was a definite spurt in the population of the human race. This was brought about with advancements in sanitation and technology, as well as a dramatic fall in the death rate. By around 1850 the world's population had grown to about 1 billion and by 1930 it had risen to 2 billion. The current figure is around 6 billion and at this rate the United Nations estimates the population will be at about 9 billion by 2054. This would be a 900% increase in just 200 years. This increase in population has meant that the world's resources have been put under a great strain in order to sustain the human race. But it has only been in recent years that man has looked to address the problems he has caused and many of them are irreversible. Ever since man learnt to hunt with weapons, species have been hunted to extinction, and as the brain capacity of man increased so did his expectation of living standards. This has meant an even greater effect on the planet and has resulted in urbanisation, growth in agriculture, and the inevitable rise in deforestation. Deforestation is proceeding at about 17 million hectares per year. Between 1980 and 1990 the 1.2 per cent in Asia, 0.8 per cent in Latin America and 0.7 per cent in Africa. Although the most publicised loss in forest is in rainforests, the UK has also suffered major forest loss in the past 150 years. About 200 years ago 85% of the UK was woodland and now the figure is under 8%. The reasons for deforestation are:  · Fuel  · Urbanisation  · Agriculture  · Wood for building Deforestation causes soil erosion... ... are broken down by sunlight, resulting in the chlorine reacting with and destroying ozone molecules. For this reason, the use of CFCs in aerosols has been banned in many countries. Other chemicals, such as bromine halocarbons, and nitrous oxides from fertilisers, may also attack the ozone layer. Scientists discovered that the largest problem lay in Antarctica, where a periodic loss of ozone was located. A similar problem was found in the Arctic and as a result the "Montreal Protocol" was signed by 49 countries. Within it the countries declared that they would phase out the use of CFCs by the end of the century. In addition to this NASA launched the 7-ton Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. This measures ozone variations at different altitudes, and is providing the first complete picture of upper atmosphere chemistry.